Tag Archive for: Ethical Obligations

Cyrus Mehta

To What Extent Can Immigration Practitioners Ethically Rely on ChatGPT to Aid Their Practice?

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To what extent can ChatGPT assist immigration lawyers in their immigration practice? What are the ethical pitfalls if a lawyer relies on ChatGPT?

There is one case that was widely publicized all over the world In Mata v. Avianca Inc, Judge Castel in the Southern District of New York sanctioned two New York lawyers and their law firm for $5000 for submitting a brief citing fake cases generated by ChatGPT. The brief was submitted in opposition to a motion to dismiss by Avianca Airlines after Roberto Mata sued the airline for incurring an injury during a flight to JFK, New York. The 10-page brief  cited more than half a dozen relevant court decisions such as Martinez v. Delta Air Lines, Zicherman v. Korean Air Lines and, Varghese v. China Southern Airlines, with a learned discussion of federal law and “the tolling effect of the automatic stay on a statute of limitations.” None of these cases existed and were made up by ChatGPT. Judge Castel pointed out that “[Varghese v. China Southern Airlines] shows stylistic and reasoning flaws that do not generally appear in decisions issued by United States Courts of Appeals. Its legal analysis is gibberish.” Judge Castel further noted that he would not have sanctioned the attorneys if they had immediately come clean when confronted with the fake cases generated by ChatGPT. Instead the lawyers “doubled down and did not begin to dribble out the truth” for a month and a half after the cases were brought to the court’s attention. Rather than accept an apology from the lawyers, in addition to the $5000 fine, Judge Castel ordered that the lawyers inform their client and the judges whose names were wrongfully invoked of the sanctions imposed.

If a  brief with made up cases and citations generated by ChatGPT is submitted in Immigration Court or with the USCIS, EOIR and DHS Disciplinary Counsel can impose sanctions under the disciplinary grounds articulated in 8 CFR 1003.102. For instance, a practitioner can be sanctioned for knowingly or with reckless disregard making false statements under 8 CFR 1003.102(c), engaging in frivolous behavior under 8 CFR 1003.102(j), engaging in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice or undermines the integrity of the adjudicative process under 8 CFR 1003.102(n), failing to provide competent representation under 8 CFR 1003.102(o),  failing to act with reasonable diligence and promptness under 8 CFR 1003.102(q) or repeatedly filing briefs and other pleadings that reflect little or no attention to the specific factual or legal issues applicable to a client’s case, but rather relying on boilerplate language  under 8 CFR 1003.102(u).  Of course, state bar disciplinary authorities where the lawyer is admitted can also start an investigation under that state’s analogous rules governing the professional conduct of attorneys and impose discipline.

Even before  the advent of ChatGPT,  lawyers have been disciplined for filing inaccurate or sloppy briefs. For instances, in Coboy v. US Small Business Administration, 992 F.3d 153 (3d Cir 2021), the court sanctioned a lawyer for a  sloppy cut and paste job. “The relevant extract from the Third Circuit’s holding is worth noting:

It’s not easy to become a lawyer. The practice of law is challenging, and even the best lawyers make mistakes from time to time. So we err on the side of leniency toward the bar in close cases. But the copy-and-paste jobs before us reflect a dereliction of duty, not an honest mistake.

This does not mean that the lawyer should completely shun AI technology in their practice. The lawyer could use an AI generated response as the starting point but should not be taking for granted that ChatGPT will always be accurate. In an ABA practice advisory, “Future Proofing: A Present Look at ChatGPT in Your Future” by Dan Pinnington and Reid Trautz, the authors provide the example of how an immigration lawyer has been testing ChatGPT for his busy practice:

Miami immigration lawyer Michael Harris has been testing ChatGPT for his busy practice by seeing how it could write analytical essays or letters typically used in his practice. Harris reports that he immediately was impressed that it could write detailed letters with the same type of instruction he would give a paralegal or associate lawyer. “If the draft had weaknesses, I would refine my instruction and the AI was able to further adjust. I don’t think ChatGPT can yet write a complex memorandum of law, but it can help draft detailed fact statements when given the right in put prompts.

In an AILA advisory, “What is ChatCPT and Why Does It Matter to Immigration Lawyers?” by Michele Carney, the author provides this valuable insight on how ChatGPT might be able to assist the immigration lawyer:

Think of ChatGPT as a blank piece of paper that can populate ideas. ChatGPT can get the ball rolling on ideas as it uses a predictive model, and the more information the lawyer inserts into the query, the more responsive the answer will be. The lawyer can get several responses from ChatGPT, and then perhaps the writer’s block will be lifted, and the lawyer will have a springboard from which to draft a document.

I asked ChatGPT to see whether it could help me draft a letter in support of an O-1B for an Indian chef. This was my question:

Can you assist me in drafting a letter in support of an O-1B petition for a prospective chef of an Indian restaurant in New York who has gained acclaim in India for his innovations in Mughlai and Dum pukht cuisine. Please also provide some background on the origins of Mughlai and Dum pukht cuisine.

This was ChatGPT’s response:

Certainly, here’s a letter in support of an O-1B petition for a prospective chef specializing in Mughlai and Dum Pukt cuisine, along with some background on the origins of these cuisines:

[Your Name] [Your Title] [Restaurant Name] [Restaurant Address] [City, State, ZIP Code] [Date]

[USCIS Address] [City, State, ZIP Code]

Re: O-1B Visa Petition for [Prospective Chef’s Full Name]

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to wholeheartedly support the O-1B visa petition on behalf of [Prospective Chef’s Full Name], an extraordinarily talented chef from India, whose culinary prowess and innovative contributions to Mughlai and Dum Pukt cuisine have earned him accolades and acclaim in his home country.

Mughlai Cuisine, originating during the Mughal Empire’s reign in India, represents a culinary tradition characterized by its opulent flavors, aromatic spices, and meticulous preparation methods. This culinary heritage is a testament to the grandeur and refinement of the Mughal courts. Mughlai cuisine is celebrated for its use of cream, yogurt, and an array of spices, resulting in dishes of unparalleled richness and taste. The hallmark of Mughlai cuisine lies in its ability to transform ordinary ingredients into extraordinary culinary masterpieces.

Dum Pukt Cuisine, another gem in the treasure trove of Indian gastronomy, emerged from the royal kitchens of the Mughal emperors. The term “Dum” translates to “breath” in Persian, symbolizing the slow, luxurious breath that food takes as it is carefully slow-cooked in a sealed container. This technique allows flavors to meld and intensify, resulting in dishes of exquisite depth and complexity. Dum Pukt cuisine is a living testament to the legacy of generations of chefs who have preserved and perfected this timeless culinary art.

[Prospective Chef’s Full Name] has not only embraced these culinary traditions but has also elevated them to new heights through his innovative techniques and creations. His culinary journey reflects a profound understanding of the roots and history of Indian cuisine, coupled with a relentless passion for pushing the boundaries of flavor and presentation.

His achievements include:

  1. Innovative Culinary Creations: [Prospective Chef’s Full Name] consistently pushes the boundaries of traditional Mughlai and Dum Pukt cuisine, reimagining classic dishes with contemporary twists that have captivated diners and critics alike.
  2. Acclaim in India: He has received widespread recognition in India, earning accolades and awards for his culinary innovations.
  3. Cultural Ambassador: Through his culinary artistry, [Prospective Chef’s Full Name] has effectively served as a cultural ambassador, promoting Indian cuisine and traditions both domestically and internationally.
  4. Mentorship: He has mentored and trained aspiring chefs, ensuring the preservation and continued evolution of these culinary traditions.

Enclosed with this letter, you will find the necessary documentation, including letters of support from renowned culinary experts, evidence of [Prospective Chef’s Full Name]’s significant contributions to the culinary industry, and proof of his acclaim in India.

We kindly request that you consider this petition favorably and grant [Prospective Chef’s Full Name] the O-1B visa, which will allow him to bring his extraordinary talents and culinary innovations to our restaurant in New York, enriching our city’s culinary landscape and further enhancing cultural exchange.

Thank you for your attention to this matter, and we look forward to the possibility of welcoming [Prospective Chef’s Full Name] to the United States.

Sincerely,

[Your Name] [Your Title] [Restaurant Name] [Contact Information]

 

 

If the practitioner submits this letter by filling in the blanks, he or she will likely not be providing competent and diligent representation. If this is going be the main letter in support of the O-1B petition, it does not set forth the evidentiary criteria for proving distinction in the arts under 8 CFR 214.2(o)(3)(iv) and how this chef may meet three out of the six evidentiary criteria. This AI generated draft should only serve as the opening for a more detailed letter pertaining to how the chef can qualify for O-1B classification, and it would require more research and investigation about the chef’s acclaim and achievements in Mughlai and Dum pukht cuisine. I give credit to ChatGPT that it gave me some idea of Mughlai and Dum pukht cuisine although note that ChatGPT spelt it as Dum pukt rather than Dum pukht, which is how I spelt it. Perhaps, this AI generated letter might be more suitable as a sample template  from a peer of the chef who writes a recommendation rather than the main letter brief summarizing the evidence and establishing how the chef meets the chef meets the O-1B visa standards.  If a paralegal is relying on ChatGPT to draft a letter in support of an O-1B petition, it would behoove the lawyer to supervise the paralegal and ensure that the paralegal is not solely relying on a document generated by ChatGPT. If the practitioner carelessly submits the letter as is without even filling out the blanks, it would be tantamount to a frivolous filing. The lawyer should also be aware that ChatGPT can hallucinate and generate gibberish as it did in Mata v. Avianca.

While a document generated by AI could potentially lift writer’s block, it should only be the starting point for the lawyer to further investigate the facts and research the law. Submitting a letter generated by ChatGPT without further reworking could potentially result in sanctions for the lawyer under the disciplinary grounds in 8 CFR 1003.102 and under the relevant state bar rules of professional conduct. Even if the lawyer escapes sanctions, the USCIS may be able to detect that the letter was generated by AI and may not give it the same weight.

A final word on confidentiality. There is concern that the data of a client provided to ChatGPT will not be anonymized and kept confidential, and may  thus violate ABA Model Rule 1.6. However, when I asked ChatGPT this question, this was its answer:

Yes, I can assure you that any information you provide, including the date of a client for an O-1B petition, will be kept confidential and anonymized. I don’t have the capability to store or recall personal data from one interaction to the next, and I am designed to respect user privacy and confidentiality. Your data and questions are not stored or used for any purpose beyond the current conversation. Your privacy and the security of your information are of utmost importance. If you have any concerns about privacy or data security, please feel free to let me know, and I’ll do my best to address them.

Notwithstanding ChatGPT’s assurance of maintaining confidentiality, I would still get the consent of the client if I might provide their data to ChatGPT in the hope of generating a more specific letter in support of the O-1B petition.

As final experiment, I gave ChatGPT data about Marcus Samuelsson who is an  Ethiopian-born Swedish-American celebrity  chef and is not my client. Nor is the Aquavit restaurant my client. Perhaps, ChatGPT could provide a better letter if I gave it more specific information about a particular public figure like Mr. Samuelsson and the restaurant that would sponsor him. I asked the following question:

Assuming that Marcus Samuelsson will hypothetically apply for an O-1B visa, please draft the letter in support of the O-1B petition that Aquavit will file on his behalf demonstrating that he meets the evidentiary standards under 8 CFR 214.2(o)(3)(iv)

 

This is how ChatGPT responded:

Your Name] [Your Title] Aquavit Restaurant [Address] [City, State, ZIP Code] [Date]

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services [Service Center Address] [City, State, ZIP Code]

Re: O-1B Visa Petition for Marcus Samuelsson

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing this letter in support of the O-1B visa petition on behalf of Mr. Marcus Samuelsson, a renowned chef and culinary artist, who we are proud to have as a valuable member of our team at Aquavit Restaurant. We firmly believe that Mr. Samuelsson meets and exceeds the evidentiary standards outlined in 8 CFR 214.2(o)(3)(iv) for an O-1B visa, and we are enthusiastic about his continued contributions to the culinary world in the United States.

Mr. Samuelsson’s exceptional achievements in the field of culinary arts have earned him national and international acclaim. He has demonstrated extraordinary ability and expertise in his craft, distinguishing himself as a culinary innovator and influencer. His contributions to our restaurant and the broader culinary community have been nothing short of remarkable.

To meet the regulatory criteria for the O-1B visa, Mr. Samuelsson can provide the following evidence:

  1. Awards and Recognitions:
    • Samuelsson has received numerous prestigious awards and accolades throughout his career, including multiple James Beard Awards, Michelin stars, and recognition in the culinary industry’s most respected publications.
  2. Critical Acclaim:
    • His culinary creations have consistently garnered critical acclaim, with glowing reviews from renowned food critics and journalists.
  3. Expert Appearances:
    • Samuelsson has been invited to participate as a guest judge on top culinary television shows, further demonstrating his prominence in the field.
  4. Original Contributions:
    • He has made significant original contributions to the culinary arts, introducing innovative techniques, flavors, and concepts that have influenced the industry.
  5. International Standing:
    • His influence extends beyond national borders, as he has represented the United States on the global culinary stage and has been invited to collaborate with chefs from various countries.
  6. Industry Leadership:
    • Samuelsson is recognized as a leader in the culinary world and has served as an inspiration to emerging chefs, mentoring and supporting them in their careers.
  7. Prominent Partnerships:
    • His collaborations with leading culinary institutions, world-famous restaurants, and renowned chefs have solidified his status as a prominent figure in the culinary world.

We believe that Mr. Samuelsson’s achievements, expertise, and contributions to the culinary arts unquestionably meet the criteria set forth in 8 CFR 214.2(o)(3)(iv) for the O-1B visa. We are confident that his continued presence in the United States will enhance our culinary landscape, further promote cultural exchange, and inspire aspiring chefs.

We respectfully request that you grant Mr. Samuelsson the O-1B visa, allowing him to continue sharing his extraordinary talents with the American public and contributing to our vibrant culinary scene. We appreciate your time and attention to this matter and are prepared to provide any additional documentation or information that may be required to support this petition.

Thank you for considering Mr. Samuelsson’s O-1B visa application. If you have any questions or need further information, please do not hesitate to contact me at [Your Contact Information].

Sincerely,

[Your Signature] [Your Name] [Your Title] Aquavit Restaurant [Phone Number] [Email Address]

 

The letter that ChatGPT generated did not meet my standards. It was still canned and used the same verbiage from the letter that it gave me for the Indian chef who specialized in Mughlai and Dum pukht cuisine. The letter was lacking in detail about Mr. Samuelsson’s achievements, which are widely accessible on the internet.  A lawyer who is required to provide competent and diligent representation needs to substantially rework and rewrite an AI generated letter if it will be used in support of an O-1B petition.

 

Cyrus Mehta

Musings On Our Asylum System – After AG Sessions’ Remarks on ‘Dirty Immigration Lawyers’

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Attorney General Sessions who has been hostile towards increased immigration and views the asylum system as a loophole for unauthorized entry into the US said in recent remarks that “over the years, smart attorneys have exploited loopholes in the law, court rulings, and lack of resources to substantially undermine the intent of Congress.”  He got even more animated as he went on his diatribe about how the credible fear interview process is being gamed by those who would otherwise be expeditious removed.  “We also have dirty immigration lawyers who are encouraging their otherwise unlawfully present clients to clients to make false claims to asylum providing them with the magic words needed to trigger the credible fear process,” he said.

Sure enough, there have been a few lawyers who have filed fraudulent asylum claims and have deservedly faced punishment through criminal convictions. However, the vast majority of these supposedly dirty immigration lawyers are some of the finest people I have known who work with passion to ensure due process, fairness and justice.  Mr. Sessions was appropriately rebuked by AILA President Annaluisa Padilla who said,  “Attorney General Sessions chose today to deride the American asylum system, the vulnerable populations who seek safety here, and the immigration attorneys who work tirelessly to ensure due process is afforded to everyone,”

The law surrounding political asylum is extremely complex, and one who fears persecution needs competent representation – and a lot of representation in the asylum arena is pro bono. An asylum applicant’s chances improve exponentially when he or she is represented by a good lawyer. Indeed, Judge Katzmann who spearheaded a study in 2010, and who is today the chief judge of the Court of Appeals of the Second Circuit, found that detained immigrants with attorneys were 500 percent more likely to win their cases than those without.  Judge Katzmann is more on the mark than Mr. Sessions. Representing asylum applicants with bona fide claims is one of the most honorable things that a lawyer can do. It is part of the ethical duty of a “dirty lawyer” to establish that the client has a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion. This is especially true when the government is always represented by skilled counsel, and in order to level the playing field, an applicant also deserves equally skilled representation.

Mr. Sessions seemed to aim his ire against lawyers who attempt to broaden  asylum based on theories under the membership in a particular social group ground. Establishing that an applicant belongs to a social group is a legal minefield, and even if the persecution is based on the applicant being a family member of the one who is targeted, more has to be demonstrated in order to qualify for asylum. A case in point in the Board of Immigration Appeals recent decision in Matter of L-E-A–, 27 I&N Dec. 40 (BIA 2017). Although persecution on account of membership is a family has been recognized as a basis for asylum, the BIA in Matter of L-E-A explicitly confirms this but also requires a nexus and further holds that applicants whose claims are based on membership in a particular social group composed of family members must “demonstrate that the family relationship is at least one central reason for the claimed harm to establish eligibility for asylum on that basis.” Id. at 40. As the BIA explains, “[i]f the persecutor would have treated the applicant the same if the protected characteristic of the family did not exist, then the applicant has not established a claim on this ground.” Id. at 43-44.

In L-E-A the respondent was a native and citizen of Mexico whose father owned a store in Mexico City that sold groceries and general merchandise. Members of a drug cartel approached the respondent’s father to ask if they could sell drugs in the store as they viewed it as a favorable distribution location. The respondent’s father refused. The members of the drug cartel approached respondent to see whether he would sell drugs for them at his father’s store. Upon respondent also refusing, the members of the cartel tried to grab him and put him in their car, but he was able to get away. The respondent left for the border and successfully crossed into the United States.

The BIA in L-E-A acknowledged that members of an immediate family may constitute a social group. There is a long line of cases that have suggested this, but L-E-A held so explicitly. See, e.g., Crespin-Valladares v. Holder, 632 F.3d 117, 128 (4th Cir. 2011); Al-Ghorbani v. Holder, 585 F.3d 980 (6th Cir. 2009); Torres v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 616, 629 (7th Cir. 2008). The BIA has previously “explained that ‘persecution on account of membership in a particular social group’ refers to ‘persecution that is directed toward an individual who is a member of a group of persons all of whom share a common, immutable characteristic . . . such as . . .  kinship ties.” Matter of C-A-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 951, 955 (BIA 2006) (quoting Matter of Acosta, 19 I. & N. Dec. 211, 233-34 (BIA 1985)). “It has been said that a group of family members constitutes the ‘prototypical example’ of a particular social group.” INS, Asylum Officer Basic Training Course: Eligibility Part III: Nexus 21 (Nov. 30, 2001) (quoting Sanchez-Trujillo v. INS, 801 F.2d 1571, 1576 (9th Cir. 1986)). “There can, in fact, be no plainer example of a social group based on common, identifiable and immutable characteristics than that of the nuclear family.” Gebremichael v. INS, 10 F.3d 28, 36 (1st Cir. 1993).

The BIA could have concluded at this point, but then went onto state that there must also be a showing of nexus. In other words, a persecution claim cannot be established if there is no proof that the applicant or other members of the family were targeted because of that family relationship. If the persecutor would have treated the applicant the same if the protected characteristic of the family did not exist, then the applicant has not established asylum on this ground. The BIA provided an example of clear nexus based on family membership where the persecutor is seeking to harm the family members because of an animus against the family itself. An example given was the assignation of Czar Nicholas II, his wife and their five children after he abdicated the throne in 1917. This, according to the BIA, was a classic example, of the persecution based on family membership as one of the central reasons for the persecution.

Unfortunately, despite affirming that family was a social group, it did not work out favorably for the respondent in L-E-A. The BIA held that even if the persecutor harmed the respondent, but if it was done so as a means to an end, that in itself was insufficient to establish a claim, especially if the end is not connected to another protected ground. In L-E-A, according to the BIA, the cartel’s objective was to sell drugs in the store owned by his father, which is why they approached the respondent and harmed him. The central reason for the persecutor to harm the respondent was because the cartel wanted to increase profits by selling drugs in the store and there was no evidence to indicate that the persecutors had any animus against the family. The cartel would have gone after any family who owned a business there.

Jeffrey Chase , an astute blogger on asylum law, observed that the BIA missed an opportunity in L-E-A to simply affirm that showing persecution based on family was a sufficient nexus in itself. There was no need to also include a “means to an end” requirement. “Under the fact patterns we commonly see from Mexico and the “northern triangle” countries of Central America, claims based on family as a particular social group will continue to be denied, as such fears will inevitably be deemed to be a means to some criminal motive of gangs and cartels (i.e. to obtain money through extortion or as ransom; to increase their ranks; to avoid arrest) as opposed to a desire to punish the family itself.”

Mr. Sessions would also cynically welcome the outcome in L-E-A, although he would have been probably happier if the BIA had not acknowledged family as a social group!  L-E-A provides an ability for the adjudicator to deny asylum claims based on family under a means to an end analysis, especially those fleeing Central America based on gang based violence. The Trump administration, consistent with Mr. Session’s remarks, has proposed restricting asylum claims of young people from Central America in exchange  for preserving DACA, in addition to many other onerous demands. In any event, the lawyer representing the asylum applicant has an ethical obligation to convincingly demonstrate that the family relationship was the central reason for the persecution. That could have been the outcome in L-E-A too, as it was reasonable to infer that the cartel went after the respondent because his father owned the store, but the lawyer must now take pains to distinguish the facts of her case from L-E-A. Indeed, the lawyer must show like in the case of the Romanovs after the Russian revolution that there was an animus against the family that caused the persecution. 

Contrary to Mr. Session’s assertion, there is a great need for an ethical lawyer to advance the best possible argument on behalf of his client in the hope that the law could change that would be consistent with the definition of social group in the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol. The term “particular social group” was added as an afterthought and was considered to be of broader application than the combined notions of racial, ethnic, and religious groups and that in order to stop a possible gap in the coverage of the U.N. Convention, this ground was added to the definition of a refugee. See Matter of Acosta, supra. Consistent with this view, the BIA in Matter of Acosta interpreted the phrase “persecution on account of membership in a particular social group” to mean persecution that is directed toward an individual who is a member of a group of persons all of whom share a common, immutable characteristic. The shared characteristic might be an innate one such as sex, color, or kinship ties, or in some circumstances it might be a shared past experience such as former military leadership or land ownership. Over the years, the Acosta definition of “immutable characteristic” has been qualified to also require that the group is “defined with particularity” and is “socially distinct.”  See Matter of M-E-V-G, 26 I&N Dec. 227 (BIA 2014) (“Society can consider persons to comprise a group without being able to identify the group’s members on sight”) and Matter of W-G-R-, 26 I&N Dec. 208 (BIA 2014). Even then, some Circuit courts have rejected this new definition.

If Mr. Sessions was not so blinded by his animus against asylum seekers, he may appreciate the lawyer’s role in interpreting and advancing the definition of a social group to protect people fearing persecution if they are unable to establish a nexus on account of race, religion, nationality or political opinion.  The challenge has become even greater after the Acosta definition was limited by also requiring that the social group is defined with particularity and is socially distinct.  This includes those who were unable to seek protection in their countries if they suffered domestic violence or because of their sexual orientation. The lawyers that Mr. Sessions derides are not exploiting loopholes but protecting people from harm, unjust imprisonment or death. If this is what Mr. Sessions means by a dirty immigration lawyer, then lawyers endeavoring to broaden protections for vulnerable people under our asylum system ought to feel extremely proud.